David Ronfeldt’s framework for the coordination forms human societies have developed, extending his earlier TIMN model. The four forms are:
- Tribes (T): kinship and mutual obligation.
- Institutions (I): formalised trust, rules that hold between strangers (the Moravian mission at Genadendal is one).
- Markets (M): competitive exchange through money and prices (the +M layer taught by CAPS Economics).
- Emergent (E): networks of mutual commitment operating at scale, drawing on Tribal reciprocity but using formal protocols to move beyond personal memory and reputation (the BioConomy layer).
Introduced in the Learning Campus economics module. The valley is treated as a place where all four layers are visible in a single geography.
See also
This page is part of the Valley of Grace High School Decision Tool Glossary.